Cultural and Religious Observances

Martin Luther King Jr. Day

Religion/Culture: National Observance 

The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gained national prominence during the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott (1955–1956), and soon became the recognized national leader of the growing movement to obtain civil rights for African Americans. His espousal of nonviolence, his vision, and his powerful oratory garnered him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was supporting sanitation workers on strike. His birthday is observed nationally on the third Monday in January.

Upcoming Days of Observance:

• January 20, 2025
• January 19, 2026
• January 18, 2027
• January 17, 2028
• January 15, 2029

International Holocaust Remembrance Day

Religion/Culture: National Observance 

In 2005, the United Nations declared January 27 International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the resolution, it is stated that every member of the UN should honor the six million Jews as well as those members of other minorities who perished in the Nazi genocide, and to develop educational programs about this history to help prevent such atrocities in the future. Dozens of commemorations are held around the world; speeches are made at the United Nations, in Washington, in Berlin, and in London. Institutions including Yad Vashem in Israel, the Mémorial de la Shoah in France, and the Bundesarchiv in Germany commemorate the victims. Any Auschwitz survivors able to travel to the camp are invited to participate in the very moving and solemn ceremony held on the grounds annually; in 2024, the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum is presenting an exhibition featuring portraits and drawings created by former prisoners of the concentration camp.

Day of Observance: January 27 of every year

Black History Month

In 1925, the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH), founded by Carter G. Woodson, envisioned a "Negro History Week," and in 1926, established it as a weeklong observance in February, choosing this time period because it included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. It garnered considerable attention, receiving the overwhelming endorsement of black history clubs, teachers, and progressive whites. It gained momentum over the years, and by 1950, at the time of Woodson's death, mayors across the nation had incorporated it as an official observance in their cities.

The 1960s civil rights movement propelled it even further, and it increasingly focused attention on the contributions of African Americans to the nation as a whole. In 1976, the country's bicentennial, the celebration was expanded to a month. President Gerald R. Ford asked Americans to "seize the opportunity to honor the too-often neglected accomplishments of black Americans in every area of endeavor throughout our history." Since then, every American president has issued African American Heritage Month proclamations.

Women's History Month

Women's History Month originated in 1978, when the Sonoma, California, school district established a weeklong observance designed to celebrate women's achievements and contributions to society and recognize pioneering women in various fields. The initiative was a success, with schools across the nation adopting similar programs of their own. In 1980, President Carter issued a presidential proclamation declaring the week of March 8 "National Women’s History Week." Later that year, former representative and senator Barbara Mikulski and Senator Orrin Hatch co-sponsored a Congressional Resolution for National Women’s History Week. Each year after, Congress continued to support this weeklong observance, and in 1987, after a push from the National Women’s History Project, it was expanded into a month. Since 1995, every president has proclaimed March as Women's History Month, and we continue to focus on the accomplishments of women and ways to advance their equality. The month also incorporates International Women's Day on March 8 of every year.

Arab American Heritage Month

April 2022 was designated as Arab American Heritage Month by President Biden, but an official proclamation was not released until April 2023. It honors the contributions, culture, and history of Arab Americans to the United States. It provides a platform to recognize the diverse and rich heritage of Arab Americans, including their art, literature, cuisine, and achievements across various fields.

This observance also aims to promote understanding, respect, and appreciation for the Arab American community's role in shaping the cultural tapestry of the nation while fostering inclusivity and dialogue among all Americans.

Day of Silence

Religion/Culture: LGBTQ+

The Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) started this student-led, national event to raise awareness of the bullying and harassment LGBTQ+ students experience at school, and the "silencing effects" these damaging behaviors can lead to. Students (middle school, high school, and university) take a vow of silence on this day to highlight the issue of bullying, and to encourage their classmates to help put an end to harassment of LGBTQ+ students. 

Day of Observance: April 20th of every year

Asian Pacific American Heritage Month

In 1977, two bills were presented—one in the House and one in the Senate—proposing that the first 10 days of May serve as Asian-Pacific Heritage Week. Both resolutions passed, and in 1978, President Jimmy Carter designated it an annual celebration. In 1992, President George H.W. Bush signed an extension expanding it to a monthlong celebration. The month of May was chosen to commemorate both the arrival of the first Japanese immigrants in May, 1843, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad in May, 1869, the tracks of which were laid mostly by Chinese immigrant workers. But the observance pays homage to all Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States, celebrating their broad contributions to the United States.

Asian-Pacific encompasses the Asian continent and the Pacific islands of Melanesia (New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji, and the Solomon Islands); Micronesia (Marianas, Guam, Wake Island, Palau, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, and the Federated States of Micronesia); and Polynesia (New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands, Rotuma, Midway Islands, Samoa, American Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, and Easter Island).

Jewish American History Month

In 2006, thanks to a push from the Jewish Museum of Florida, South Florida Jewish community leaders, Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz of Florida, and Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, President George W. Bush proclaimed a monthlong observance of Jewish American culture and the many contributions to the United States that Jews have made over the last several hundred years. From Jonas Salk, who discovered the first polio vaccine, to poet Emma Lazarus, author of those famous words, "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free," on the Statue of Liberty, Jewish Americans have a long legacy of positive impact within the United States.

Memorial Day

Religion/Culture: American Cultural Celebration

Originally called Decoration Day, Memorial Day has its origins in the Civil War. It was officially proclaimed on May 5, 1868, by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, who stated, “The 30th of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village, and hamlet churchyard in the land." By 1890, all of the northern states had established it as an official observance; it wasn't until after World War I, when the focus shifted away from the Civil War to encompass soldiers who had lost their lives in any war, that the whole country adopted it. Thanks to the passing of the National Holiday Act of 1971, most states observe it on the last Monday in May. The red poppy has come to symbolize Memorial Day, and artificial ones made by veterans are sold to raise money for disabled and hospitalized veterans. 

Upcoming Observances:

• May 27, 2024
• May 26, 2025
• May 25, 2026
• May 31, 2027
• May 29, 2028

LGBTQ+ Pride Month

LGBTQ+ Pride Month, celebrated annually in June, commemorates the LGBTQ+ community's ongoing struggle for equal rights and recognition while celebrating their identities, history, and culture. Originating from the Stonewall Riots of 1969, this month serves as a time of reflection on the progress made towards LGBTQ+ equality and the challenges that remain. Pride Month features various events, parades, marches, and activities worldwide, promoting visibility, acceptance, and solidarity. It honors the achievements and contributions of LGBTQ+ individuals while advocating for continued efforts to combat discrimination, promote inclusivity, and foster a more equitable society for all sexual orientations and gender identities.

Juneteenth

Religion/Culture: National Celebration

Known also as Freedom Day or Emancipation Day, Juneteenth (a combination of "June" and "nineteenth") is the oldest nationally celebrated commemoration of the legal end of slavery in the U.S. Specifically, it recognizes the day in 1865 that news of the Emancipation Proclamation finally reached black Americans in Galveston, Texas, two-and-a-half years after President Abraham Lincoln signed the order legally abolishing slavery. Texas was one of a number of states in the South where white enslavers continued to deny black Americans their freedom by ignoring the proclamation. 

Today, Juneteenth pays tribute to the major role black Americans have played in American culture and society. It is recognized as a holiday or day of observance in 46 of the 50 states. 

Day of Observance: June 19 of every year

Disability Pride Month

Disability Pride Month is observed in commemoration of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which was passed on July 26, 1990. In 1990, Boston hosted the first Disability Pride Day, and in July of 2015, the first Disability Pride Month was officially celebrated.

It is a time to celebrate the contributions of people with disabilities and raise awareness about the challenges faced by people with disabilities while promoting acceptance, inclusion, and accessibility in all aspects of society. Disability Pride Month traces its roots to the disability rights movement, advocating for equal rights, opportunities, and representation for individuals with disabilities.

Fourth of July

Religion/Culture: American Cultural Celebration

This federal holiday celebrates the birthday of the United States of America, when the colonies submitted their Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, to England. To celebrate, Americans across the country participate in parades, barbecue in the summer air, and watch fireworks. Some cities, including Boston, Massachusetts, host elaborate firework displays, accompanied by traditional music. 

Day of Observance:  July 4 of every year

Women's Equality Day

Religion/Culture: American cultural celebration 

In 1973, Congress designated August 26 as Women's Equality Day, the date chosen to commemorate the certification of the 19th Amendment (granting women the right to vote) in 1920. This observance celebrates the tireless work of the women who fought for the right to vote and honors women's continued contributions to the nation and the world. 

Day of Observance: August 26 of every year

Latinx/Hispanic Heritage Month

Month of Observance: September 15 – October 16 every year From September 15 to October 15, we celebrate the many contributions that Americans of Spanish and Latin American descent (from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America) have made to the United States. This observance began in 1968, when President Lyndon Johnson declared a Hispanic Heritage Week. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan broadened it to a month. These particular mid-month dates were chosen to coincide with the anniversary of independence for Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua from Spain.

Labor Day

Religion/Culture: American cultural celebration

On the first Monday in September, Americans celebrate Labor Day and the American worker. Labor Day became an official holiday after the Pullman Strike in Chicago, Illinois, in 1894, which left 30 dead and millions of dollars in damage. Iterations of Labor Day had been celebrated before that, including the first Labor Day parade in New York City on September 5, 1882, organized by trade unions. 

Today, all government businesses and some private ones close on this holiday to pay tribute to workers. 

Day of Observance: First Monday in September

LGBTQ+ History Month

In 1994, Rodney Wilson, a history teacher at a Missouri high school, conceived of an idea to dedicate a month of teaching to the history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, the Human Rights Campaign, the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, and the National Education Association put their support behind this initiative, and October was chosen as the month of observance to coincide with National Coming Out Day on October 11 and the October 14, 1979, National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, which occurred after the assassination of openly gay California politician Harvey Milk.

LGBTQ+ History Month serves to promote equality for those in the LGBTQ+ community by telling their histories and experiences, celebrating their achievements and accomplishments, and working to make safe spaces within educational and academic institutions.

National Coming Out Day

Religion/Culture: LGBTQ culture

On the anniversary of the 1979 National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans*, and queer (LGBTQ) communities celebrate the brave act of coming out and the powerful way it can inspire and support others in the LGBTQ community. Coming out also serves to promote equality among LGBTQ individuals: as the Human Rights Campaign explains, "When people know someone who is LGBTQ, they are far more likely to support equality under the law." 

Day of Observance: October 11 of every year

Native American Day/Indigenous Peoples Day

Religion/Culture: Native American

In 1977, an idea came out of a United Nations–sponsored event in Geneva, Switzerland, to replace Columbus Day with something that would pay tribute to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Activists in Berkeley, California, took up this cause 14 years later and asked the city council to declare October 12 as the Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People. South Dakota, Hawaii, and Alaska have followed suit, publicly observing Native American Day instead of Columbus Day as a way to place attention on the atrocities suffered by Native Americans and to focus on present-day injustices.   

Upcoming Events:

• October 14, 2024
• October 13, 2025
• October 12, 2026
• October 11, 2027
• October 9, 2028
• October 8, 2029

Native American Heritage Month

In 1976, Congress designated one week in November to celebrating Native American Awareness Week. It continued as a yearly observance until 1990, when President George H. W. Bush approved legislation that expanded it into National American Indian Heritage Month. In 1996, President Clinton stated, "Throughout our history, American Indian and Alaska Native peoples have been an integral part of the American character. Against all odds, America’s first peoples have endured, and they remain a vital cultural, political, social, and moral presence." Each year, the United States recognizes and celebrates the hundreds of tribes, languages, and contributions of Native Americans across the country while also focusing on the many obstacles and issues Native Americans continue to face.

Veterans Day

Religion/Culture: American cultural celebration

Armistice Day, as it was once called, marked the end of World War I on November 11 in 1918, and was celebrated as a day of peace and tribute to veterans of the Great War. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed, "To us in America, the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country’s service and with gratitude for the victory, both because of the thing from which it has freed us and because of the opportunity it has given America to show her sympathy with peace and justice in the councils of the nations…" In 1954, following World War II and the Korean War, Congress changed the name to Veterans Day to encompass all former military. Today, government offices and some private businesses are closed, and parades are held across the country.  

Day of Observance: November 11 of every year

Transgender Day of Remembrance

Religion/Culture: LGBTQ culture

Started by Gwendolyn Ann Smith as a way to honor the memory of Rita Hester, a trans* woman who was murdered in 1998 in Allston, Massachusetts, the Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDOR) memorializes all trans* individuals who have lost their lives to transphobic-based violence. It has gained more attention over the years; in 2010, 185 cities in more than 20 countries observed the November 20 date. The candlight vigils, film screenings, and marches that occur on this day also shed light on present-day violence against the trans* community and serve as a call to action for the rights of trans* people. 

Day of Observance: November 20 of every year

National Native American Heritage Day

Religion/Culture: American national observance

Since 2008, the Friday after Thanksgiving is known as Native American Heritage Day and honors the contributions of Native Americans to the United States. Not yet nationally recognized, some states, including Maryland, are pushing to establish it as an official holiday. 

Day of Observance: Friday after Thanksgiving

Human Rights Day

According the the UN, "Human Rights Day...commemorates the day on which, in 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." In 1950, the assembly passed a resolution inviting all states and other organizations to observe December 10 as Human Rights Day. The observance serves to encourage people to educate themselves about the plights and injustices of others, and to work to curb human rights abuses. 

Day of Observance: December 10 of every year

Gatan-sai (New Years)

Religion/Culture: Shinto

Gantan-sai is the Shinto celebration of Oshogatsu, the Japanese new year. On this day, many Shintos celebrate by visiting Shinto temples at midnight, participating in purification rituals, and praying for inner renewal, health, and prosperity. Some Japanese Shintos celebrate Gantan-sai for seven days, visiting friends and family and wishing them well in the new year. 

Day of Observance: January 1 of every year

Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God

Religion/Culture: Catholicism

Eight days after the birth of Jesus Christ, Catholics remember the Virgin Mary by celebrating her divine motherhood. Mary is known as Theotokos (Greek for "Bearer of God") or Mater Dei (Latin for Mother of God). Considered a Holy Day of Obligation, many Catholics attend mass to honor Mary on this day, often praying to her and the Holy Spirit for grace and salvation, as well as guidance in the year ahead. 

Day of Observance: January 1 of every year

Epiphany/Three Kings' Day

Religion/Culture: Christianity

In western Christian tradition, January 6 is celebrated as the Epiphany, marking the end of the Advent/Christmas season and the 12 Days of Christmas. Some European and Latin countries refer to it as Three Kings' Day (Spanish: El Día de los Tres Reyes Magos; Dutch: Driekoningen). On this day, Christians celebrate the baptism of Jesus Christ and the visit he received from the three wise men, who brought him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Latin American Christians celebrate by exchanging gifts (more so than on Christmas) and baking a Rosca de Reyes (a "wreath of kings") in which they hide a small baby to represent Jesus. Similarly, French Catholics in Louisiana enjoy "king cakes" from January 6 to Fat Tuesday (the day before Lent begins). Those who get the piece of cake with the baby inside are supposed to have good luck in the new year.

Day of Observance: January 6 of every year

Russian Orthodox Christmas

Religion/Culture: Eastern Christianity

Many Orthodox churches base their Christmas celebrations on the Julian calendar, as opposed to the standard Gregorian one, marking January 7 as the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. (After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, when Russia and other former Soviet nations could once again celebrate this religious occasion, January 7 became an official national holiday.) Eastern Orthodox Christians observe this holiday by attending church services and preparing meals with family. On this calendar, the 12 Days of Christmas end on January 20 with the observance of Theophany (the baptism of Jesus Christ and the revelation of the Holy Trinity) on January 20.

Day of Observance: January 7 of every year

Makar Sankranti

Religion/Culture: Hindu

Makar Sankranti is one of the most auspicious days for Hindus, celebrated in almost all parts of India in myriad cultural forms with great devotion, enthusiasm, and joy. The festival of Makar Sankranti traditionally coincides with the beginning of the sun's northward journey (the Uttarayan), when it enters the zodiac sign of Capricorn, known as Makar (Sankrati translates to "movement"). This holiday marks the beginning of longer days and shorter nights, and offers the chance to welcome a new phase of life. Hindus celebrate by flying kites, attending fairs, baking sweets, and wishing each other well. 

Day of Observance: January 14 of every year

Mawlid (Prophet Muhammad's birthday)

Religion/Culture: Islam

Mawlid celebrates the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. In the sects that observe it, the day is spent reciting litanies, poetry, and special sermons, eating sweets, and enjoying music. The observance day changes as the lunar calendar moves forward 11 days each year, but falls on the 12th day of the third month of the Islamic calendar (known as Rabi’ al-Awwal). 

Note: Islamic holiday observances begin at sunset and end at sunset on the following day. 

Lunar New Year

Religion/Culture: China and Other Asian Countries

This is the beginning of the Chinese New Year and its corresponding festivities, which can last up to 15 days (until the Lantern Festival). Also known as the Lunar New Year, it's the first full moon of the "old" (or Xia) calendar, an agrarian-based timetable dating back to the Xia dynasy (21st to 16th centuries, BCE). Preparations for New Year's Eve include putting debts and relationships in order, as well as a deep cleaning of the home to welcome friends and family.

When New Year's Day arrives, the Chinese celebrate by eating noodles (to signify a long life) and pork dumplings called jiaozi. (A Chinese coin is hidden in one of the dumplings; the person who finds it is supposed to have good luck in the coming year.) Families exchange gifts and children receive decorated red envelopes with good-luck money inside. Festivities include fireworks, food, dragon dances, visits to temples, and prayers for blessings in the new year. For many, this day marks another year older: while the Chinese celebrate their own individual birthdays, traditional Chinese do not consider themselves a year older until New Year's Day.

Know someone celebrating this occasion? As with the standard Gregorian calendar, you can simply wish him or her "Happy New Year!"  

Upcoming Observances

• January 29, 2025 (Year of the Snake) 

Imbolc

Religion/Culture: Wiccan/Celtic

One of the major pagan Sabbats, Imbolc occurs between the winter solstice and the spring equinox, and is a keystone of the Celtic calendar. From the Ancient Celts, this celebration is known also as Brigid's Day, to commemorate the goddess of fire, fertility (Imbolc can translate to "in the belly" or "ewe's milk"), and the young. It's an observance of the changing seasons and a harbinger of weather to come, and celebrated with fire (to mark the longer days), music, and food, including seeds and dairy. 

Day of Observance: February 2 of every year

Tu B'shvat

Religion/Culture: Judaism

Tu B'Shevat is known as a "New Year for the Trees," and the holiday, which is observed on the 15th of the Hebrew month of Sh'vat, marks the start of the agricultural year and the end of winter. (The Torah says to refrain from eating the fruit of trees until after the third or fourth year of a tree's life, and after offering one year's harvest to god.) To mark this moment, school children in Israel plant trees, often with the help of monetary contributions from  Jewish students abroad, and many Jews celebrate with feasts of fruit (Tu B’Shevat seders) and the seven foods associated with the Holy Land, which include grapes, wheat, barley, figs, pomegranates, olives, and dates. 

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset.

Upcoming Observances

• February 12, 2025

Maha Shivaratri

Religion/Culture: Hindu

Known as the "Great Night of Shiva," Maha Shivaratri occurs on the 14th night of the new moon in the Hindu month of Phalgun, and celebrates Lord Shiva. Hindus, especially those of the Shaivism sect, mark this event with day-and-night fasting (or a refined diet) and worhip of Shiva Lingam, the column- and oval-shaped idol that represents the formless energy of this important deity. Along with Vishnu and Brahma, Shiva is part of the Holy Trinity and represents the destructive, untamed force of the three deities, who destroys in order to rebuild and create something better. He often appears alongside his wife Parvati, who brings him into balance.

Remember to be respectful of those who might be fasting or observing dietary restrictions on this day. 

Upcoming Observances

• February 26, 2025

Ash Wednesday

Religion/Culture: Christianity

This is the official start of Lent, a 40-day period that marks Jesus Christ's 40 days and nights in the desert, during which he consumed no food and was repeatedly tested by the devil (an event also known as the "temptation of Christ"). Many Christians attend church on this day, receiving a mark of ash on their forheads in the symbol of a cross. (You may see people wearing this mark throughout the day.) 

As an offering to god, many Christians choose to give up a favorite food or activity during Lent, and some Catholics will refrain from eating meat on Fridays. Christians may also use Lent as a time to self-reflect, ask for forgiveness, and work on personal and spiritual improvement. In Catholicism, the end of the Lenten season ushers in the Holy Triduum, which includes Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter.   

Upcoming Observances

• March 5, 2025

Lantern Festival

Religion/Culture: Chinese Cultural Festival

A 2,200-year-old celebration, the Lantern Festival marks the end of new year celebrations in China and falls on the 15th day of the first month of the lunar calendar. It has varied origin stories, but mainly it commemorates the arrival of spring. Revelers hang simple or elaborate lanterns on trees or launch them into the sky. The light from these lanterns is meant to symbolize the longer days and the light of the moon. Traditionally, it was also one of few days that women were allowed to walk about unaccompanied, and so it has a few similarities to the West's Valentine's Day and the idea of finding love. Lion and dragon dances, as well as rice flour dumplings called tangyuan, are also part of the festivities. 

Purim

Religion/Culture: Judaism

The joyous festival of Purim is celebrated every year on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Adar (late winter/early spring), and commemorates the rescue of the Jews from a deadly plot. During the Persian Empire of the 4th century BCE, King Ahasuerus chose a new wife, Esther, a Jewish woman who did not disclose her nationality to her new husband. Haman, the prime minister at the time, hated the Jews, and convinced the king to exterminate them on the 13th of Adar, a date which he had chosen by lottery (Purim means "lots"). In response, Mordechai, Esther's cousin, urged the Jews to fast and pray for salvation; meanwhile, Esther revealed her true origins to the king. The king had Haman put to death, appointed Mordechai the new prime minister, and decreed that the Jews had the right to defend themselves against other enemies. 

After a day of fasting, Purim begins, with treats like hamantaschen (tri-corned pastries), costumes, and a reading of the Megillah (Book of Esther). Children will spin noisemakers to drown out Haman's name each time it is mentioned throughout the story. People often give gifts to the poor and/or exchange them with family and friends.

Know someone celebrating Purim? Wish them a "Happy Purim" or "Happy Holiday."

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset.

Upcoming Observances

• March 13, 2025

Holi

Religion/Culture: Hindu

Holi takes place on the last full moon of the Hindu lunar month Phalguna. It occurs over two days, sometimes longer, and celebrates the arrival of the first spring crops. It's also an observance of the triumph of good over evil, originating with the story of Prahlad. His father, King Hiranyakshyap, considered himself a god, and when Prahlad chose instead to worship Lord Vishnu, Hiranyakshyap devised a plan in which Prahlad would sit on the lap of his sister, Holika, over a fire. Since Holika, a demon, was immune to fire, the idea was that Prahlad would perish in the flames. But as he sat, Prahlad repeated the name of Vishnu and survived the fire; his sister did not. 

On the evening of the first day, Holika Dahan, people burn wood and dung pyres as a nod to the fire Prahlad endured. The second day, Rangwali Holi, commences a "festival of color," during which millions of people invade the streets, joyfully throwing brightly colored powder and soaking each other with water guns. They also enjoy bhang, an edible form of cannabis (one of the few times marijuana is allowed) that's made into food and drink.   

Upcoming Observances

• March 14, 2025

Ostara

Religion/Culture: Wiccan/Pagan

Known also as Ēostre, Ostara marks the date when day and night are of equal length (the vernal or spring equinox). It's one of the eight neo-pagan Sabbats, and a celebration of the first day of spring and renewed life. Altars and rituals will incorporate symbols of fecundity, including eggs, seeds, and rabbits. 

Ostara is an Anglo-Saxon goddess who represents the dawn and earth's fertility. Some neo-pagans use this day as a chance to pay their respects to her, as well as to the Horned God (often referred to as Pan), who symbolizes the masculine divine—the god of hunting, dancing, and merriment. 

Day of Observance: March 20 of every year

Nowruz

Religion/Culture: Persian New Year

For more than 3,000 years, people of Persian ancestry have been celebrating Nowruz, meaning the "new day." This 15-day festival occurs over 13 days, beginning at the moment of the vernal equinox, when the sun crosses the equator. 

Today's celebrations often include the haft seen, a table decorated with seven spring-inspired items that begin with the Iranian letter "S." This can include eggs, apples, fish, and flowers. Revelers gather around the table to hold hands and wish each other Eide Shoma Mobarak, or "Happy New Year." 

Day of Observance: March 21 of every year

Palm Sunday

Religion/Culture: Christianity

Palm Sunday marks the end of the 40-day Lenten period (a time in which Christians give up a favorite food or activity to mark the 40 days Jesus Christ spent in the desert). It's also the final Sunday before Easter and the beginning of Holy Week. Christian churches distribute palm leaves on Palm Sunday to commemorate Christ's entrance into Jerusalem, when his worshippers placed palm branches in his path as a way to pay homage before his arrest and crucifixion on Good Friday.

Christians often save their palm branches for one year, sometimes fashioning them into crosses. Palm fronds returned to the church are incinerated and used for Ash Wednesday the following year. 

Upcoming Observances

• April 13, 2025

Qingming Festival

Religion/Culture: Chinese Cultural Festival

This is a bittersweet holiday, during which the Chinese celebrate the arrival of spring and renewed life, while also commemorating those friends, families, and ancestors who have passed on. The day is spent sweeping and tidying gravesites and leaving offerings of food, flowers, and other trinkets. 

Upcoming Observances

• April 4, 2025

Triduum

Religion/Culture: Catholicism

The Triduum is the three-day celebration of the death and resurrection of Christ, and includes Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter Sunday.  

Holy Thursday

Religion/Culture: Christianity

Holy Thursday commemorates the Last Supper before Jesus Christ's crucifixion, when he established the act of the Holy Communion—the giving of bread as "his body," a symbol called the Eucharist—which Christians celebrate at every mass (church service). It's during this dinner that Jesus also predicted he would be betrayed by one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, and it marks the start of the Catholic priesthood, as those seated at the table would go on to spread his message.  

Upcoming Observances

• April 17, 2025

Good Friday

Religion/Culture: Christianity

Good Friday marks the day of the crucifixion and death of Jesus Christ. On this solemn day, Christians attend church services and may choose to walk the "Stations of the Cross," a series of depictions (sometimes in stained glass) of the events that occurred on this day. Jesus's sacrifice and resurrection on Easter Sunday is the basis of the Christian faith. 

Upcoming Observances

• April 18, 2025

Hanuman Jayanti

Religion/Culture: Hindu

On this day, Hindus celebrate the birthday of Lord Hanuman, the monkey god and an avid disciple of the god Lord Rama. The day falls on the 15th day of Shukla Paksha in the month of Chaitra. Through his perseverance and heroics, Hanuman was able to help Lord Rama defeat Ravana, the man who abducted his wife, Sita. In Hanuman, Hindus see a symbol of strength, persistence, and pragmatism, as well positivity in tough times. To celebrate his birth, devotees recite Hanuman Chalisa, visit temples, and offer and receive prasad (blessed food).

Upcoming Observances

• April 12, 2025

Passover

Religion/Culture: Judaism

During these eight days, the Jewish people celebrate the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. Moses came back from exile to demand that the Pharoah free his people, and when he refused, god inflicted 10 plagues upon the Egyptians. During the last of those plagues, god killed the first son of every Egyptian family, including that of the Pharaoh. In order to identify themselves from the Egyptians, the Israelites marked their doors with the blood of a lamb so that the angel of death would "pass over" their house and spare their own sons. Moses then led the Israelites through the desert for 40 years. 

The holiday begins with a Seder, during which the story of Passover is read from the Haggadah. Over the next eight days, Jews refrain from eating leavened bread (they eat an unleavened bread called matzoh), because during the first Passover, the Jews had no time to leaven their bread before their exodus.

Know someone celebrating Passover? Wish them a "happy holiday" as a suitable greeting.

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed.

Upcoming Observances

• April 12–20, 2025

Easter

Religion/Culture: Christianity

Easter Sunday is the central event in Christianity, and celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ after his crucifixion. It's a joyous occasion, because it commemorates the fulfillment of the prophecy that a Messiah would die and be reborn to save the world from sin. Christians attend mass (church service) and gather together for an Easter meal. The holiday also includes spring themes and motifs, including eggs (often dyed), rabbits, and the ideas of rebirth and renewal. 

Upcoming Observances

• April 20, 2025

Eastern Orthodox Christian Easter

Religion/Culture: Eastern Orthodox Christian

Eastern Orthodox Christianity comprises a number of self-governing, autocephalous (they appoint their own head) churches. While they're based in different geographical locations, they largely believe in the same rites and tenets, having derived from the Christianity of the Eastern Roman Empire. As such, they include Greek, Middle Eastern, and Slavic cultures.  

Like Roman Catholics and Protestants, Eastern Orthodox Christians celebrate Easter, but do so on the Julian calendar, so their holiday occurs later in the month. Their customary celebration is a little different, too. Greek Orthodox devotees bake a traditional bread called tsoureki on Holy Thursday and dye their eggs red to symbolize the blood of Christ as well as life itself.

Upcoming Observances

• April 20, 2025

First Day of the Ridván Festival

Religion/Culture: Bahá'í

On the first, ninth, and 12th day of the Bahá'í month of Ridván (April 21 and 29 and May 2), Bahá'ís celebrate Báha'u'lláh's time in the garden of Ridván in Baghdad (1863). It's here that he declared his prophethood, as predicted by the Báb, and his mission as the last messenger of god. The Ridván Festival is celebrated from sunset on April 21 to sunset on May 2.

The Bahá'í religion began in the 19th century during a time of turmoil in Iran. According to Bahá'í tradition, a young merchant with a message of hope and spiritual reformation soon inspired thousands of followers across all classes. In this role, he took the name of the Báb, which means "the gate" in Arabic. He predicted a "manifestation of god," later revealed as Bahá'u'lláh, that would lead to a new age of peace. 

Although Bahá'ís observe all 12 days of Ridván, the first, ninth, and 12th days are ones on which they refrain from work. 

Day of Observance: April 21 of every year

Ninth Day of the Ridván Festival

Religion/Culture: Bahá'í

On the first, ninth, and 12th day of the Bahá'í month of Ridván (April 21 and 29 and May 2), Bahá'ís celebrate Báha'u'lláh's time in the garden of Ridván in Baghdad (1863). It's here that he declared his prophethood, as predicted by the Báb, and his mission as the last messenger of god. The Ridván Festival is celebrated from sunset on April 21 to sunset on May 2.

The Bahá'í religion began in the 19th century during a time of turmoil in Iran. According to Bahá'í tradition, a young merchant with a message of hope and spiritual reformation soon inspired thousands of followers across all classes. In this role, he took the name of the Báb, which means "the gate" in Arabic. He predicted a "manifestation of god," later revealed as Bahá'u'lláh, that would lead to a new age of peace. 

Although Bahá'ís observe all 12 days of Ridván, the first, ninth, and 12th days are ones on which they refrain from work. 

Day of Observance: April 29 of every year

Beltane

Religion/Culture: Pagan/Wiccan/Celtic

Held on the first day of May (and known also as May Day), Beltane celebrates the summer season (pre-Christian Irish Celts divided the year into two main seasons: winter and mid-year). Traditionally, it also marks the start of "open pasturing," when farmers could finally put their cattle out into summer fields. They would lead their cattle from one bonfire to another to protect them from disease (and "otherworldy" elements) over the upcoming summer season. Beltane is a Celtic word meaning "fire of 'Bel," Belanus being the Celtic god of fire and pastures. 

Today, neo-pagans continue Beltane traditions with shows of fire, feasting, and dancing around a Maypole. 

Day of Observance: May 1 of every year

Twelfth Day of the Ridvan Festival

Religion/Culture: Bahá'í

On the first, ninth, and 12th day of the Bahá'í month of Ridván (April 21 and 29 and May 2), Bahá'ís celebrate Báha'u'lláh's time in the garden of Ridván in Baghdad (1863). It's here that he declared his prophethood, as predicted by the Báb, and his mission as the last messenger of god. The Ridván Festival is celebrated from sunset on April 21 to sunset on May 2.

The Bahá'í religion began in the 19th century during a time of turmoil in Iran. According to Bahá'í tradition, a young merchant with a message of hope and spiritual reformation soon inspired thousands of followers across all classes. In this role, he took the name of the Báb, which means "the gate" in Arabic. He predicted a "manifestation of god," later revealed as Bahá'u'lláh, that would lead to a new age of peace. 

Although Bahá'ís observe all 12 days of Ridván, the first, ninth, and 12th days are ones on which they refrain from work. 

Day of Observance: May 2 of every year

Shavuot

Religion/Culture: Judaism

This two-day holiday begins at sundown on the fifth of the month of Sivan and lasts until nightfall of the seventh of Sivan. Shavuot, meaning "weeks," marks the end of a seven-week period after Passover, when Moses received the Torah (the law of god) and the 10 Commandments more than 3,300 years ago. On this holiday, Jews renew their acceptance of the Torah. It's also a time to celebrate the upcoming harvest and the "first fruits" (traditionally offered to god).

Jews will celebrate by lighting candles, going to synagogue to hear a reading of the 10 Commandments, and eating specific meals that often include a focus on dairy (popular dishes include cheese blintzes, cheesecake, and cheese knishes). 

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed.

Upcoming Observances

• June 1, 2025

Ramadan

Religion/Culture: Islam

The ninth month in the Islamic calendar, Ramadan is considered the holiest month, and one of intense fasting and prayer. Each day, Muslims refrain from eating or drinking starting at sunrise, breaking their fast only at sunset with a meal shared with family. This month of fasting, introspection, abstaining, and charity commemorates the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammed. Ramadan ends with a three-day celebration called Eid al-Fitr.

Know someone observing Ramadan? Be conscientious of the fact that they're fasting. You might also wish them "the blessings of Ramadan" or "Congratulations on the arrival of Ramadan."

Note: Islamic holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed and end at sunset of the last.

Upcoming Observances

• March 10–April 9, 2024
• February 28–March 30, 2025

Summer Solstice/Litha

Religion/Culture: Pagan/Wiccan

One of the four solar holidays in pagan tradition, June 20 is the longest day of the yearthe summer solstice. It's a celebration of the triumph of light over darkness and time to acknowledge the changing seasons. For some pagans, this day marks the marriage between the god and the goddess, and the fertility of the harvest. People participate in festivals, parades, and bonfires, and in the U.K., the prehistoric monument Stonehenge attracts visitors who come to watch the sun rise and set.   

Day of Observance: June 21 of every year

Dragon Boat Festival

Religion/Culture: Chinese Cultural Festival

Occurring on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, this festival and boat race commemorate Qu Yuan (340–278 BCE), one of China's first poets. He was also the minister of the State of Chu and campaigned to strengthen the state's military to protect itself from the powerful state of Qin. The aristocracy of the time opposed him, however, and he was ultimately exiled from Chu. In 278 BCE, upon hearing that the capital of Chu had fallen to the Qin, he composed his final poem and then drowned himself in the Miluo River. His supporters came to the river to pay him homage, and fishermen sailed their boats on the river in the hopes of finding his body. To divert the fish from eating his corpse, people threw zongi, rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves, and realgar wine (to intoxicate the fish) into the river. These foods continue to be a part of this annual tradition.

Upcoming Observances

• May 31, 2025

Martyrdom of the Bab

Religion/Culture: Bahá'í

This date marks the execution by firing squad of the Báb, the founder of the Bahá'í faith, on July 9, 1850, at the order of the Tabriz government in Iran. It's noted that the first attempt to execute him on this day failed, and both he and another prisoner remained untouched by the bullets meant to kill them. Only their ropes had been struck, and the Báb went missing. Soldiers soon found him back inside the prison, finishing a final message to his assistant (imprisoned along with him). A second firing squad was ordered, and the Báb died.

To mark this day, Bahá’ís read special prayers at noon, the time at which the Báb was killed. This is also a day of rest, and so Bahá’ís refrain from work. 

Day of Observance: July 9 of every year

Eid al-Fitr

Religion/Culture: Islam

Eid al-Fitr is a joyous occasion, marking the end of the month of Ramadan and fasting. This three-day celebration begins with prayer, followed by visits with relatives and friends. Muslims enjoy sweets, wear new clothes, and may give children gifts of money. 

Eid begins with the new moon, so its start can vary by country and location. If you know someone celebrating Eid al-Fitr, keep in mind that they may choose to refrain from scheduling work or other activities on these days.  

Note: Islamic holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed and end at sunset of the last.

Upcoming Observances

• April 9, 2024
• March 30, 2025

Lammas

Religion/Culture: Pagan/Wiccan/Celtic

Also called Lughnasadh, this holiday occurs at the beginning of August and is traditionally a time of harvest. The Irish would worship Lugh, one of the major Celtic gods, during this time, while Anglo-Saxons celebrated the wheat harvest with the Lammas (hlaefmass, or loaf mass) Festival.

Day of Observance: August 1 of every year

Qixi Festival

Religion/Culture: China

On the seventh night of the seventh lunar month in the Chinese calendar, when the stars Altair and Vega appear closest in the sky, the Chinese celebrate the Qixi Festival. This holiday revolves around the courtship and marriage of an oxherd named Niulang and a fairy weaver named Zhinü. Their story's origin dates back to the Han Dynasty. Angered by her daughter's marriage to a mortal, Zhinü's empress mother demanded her daughter come back to the heavens. Niulang tried to follow with their two children, protected by a magical ox hide intended to conceal him. But the empress soon discovered him and, in anger, ripped a wide river into the sky between these two stars. On this day, magpies form a bridge that allows the lovers to be together for the night. 

Similar to Valentine's Day, couples exchange gifts, which are often handmade scarves and caps as a nod to Zhinü's weaving. 

Upcoming Observances

• August 29, 2025

Onam (Harvest Festival)

Religion/Culture: Kerala, India

In the state of Kerala, India, this is the largest and most important festival. Onam is celebrated in the beginning of the month of Chingam, the first month of the Malayalam calendar, runs for several days (up to as many as 10), and includes folk songs, dances, games, boats, flowers, and special feasts—all to celebrate the harvest and to welcome King Mahabali, whose spirit comes to visit Kerala at this time.  

Upcoming Observances

• September 5, 2025

Krishna Janmashtami

Religion/Culture: Hindu

This festival falls on Ashtami, the eighth day of Krishna Pasha (the waning moon). It celebrates the birthday of Lord Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Lord Vishnu. His birthday is considered a triumph: His uncle, King Kansa, learned of a prophecy that his sister's eighth son would lead to his death. He imprisoned her and her husband, and killed most of their babies. When her eighth son was born, the child was smuggled to a friend through a terrific thunderstorm. As an adult, Lord Krishna killed the king, and Hindus sees this day as a celebration of good over evil. 

Hindus celebrate his birth by fasting during the day and then breaking fast at midnight, since the night best represents the dark journey taken to protect the child. Festivities will often include imagery of cradles, songs, parades, and offerings of food.  

Upcoming Observances

• August 26, 2024
• August 15, 2025

Rosh Hashanah

Religion/Culture: Judaism

Known as the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashanah begins on the first and second days of the Jewish month of Tishri, and commences a period of self-reflection on the past and future that ends with the solemn holiday of Yom Kippur. It's the anniversary of creation and also a time to ask forgiveness from God.

One of the focal points of observance is the sound of the shofar, a ram's horn that produces a noise similar to a trumpet. Jews will also refrain from work, light candles, attend synagogue, and eat a treat of apples or bread dipped in honey (or honey cake) as a wish for a sweet year ahead. Common greetings include "L'shana Tova" ("Happy New Year"). 

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed and last until sunset of the last date listed.

Upcoming Observances

• October 2–4, 2024
• September 22–24, 2025

Ganesh Chaturthi

Religion/Culture: Hindu

Beginning on the fourth day of the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, Ganesh Chaturthi is a 10-day celebration of the elephant-headed god Ganesh, son of Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati. Ganesh is the god of fortune, prosperity, and new beginnings, and to honor him, Hindus will install clay idols of the god within homes or temples as part of a shrine. These idols are decorated and then immersed in the local body of water on the last day. Hindus also enjoy sweet treats called modaka (rice or flour stuffed with grated jaggery, coconut, and dried fruits).  

Upcoming Observances

• September 6, 2024
• August 27, 2025

Mabon (Autumn Equinox)

Religion/Culture: Pagan/Wiccan

As a celebration of the autumnal equinox, Mabon celebrates the equal length of day and night, and the start of the fall ahead. It's the final season of harvest and a time to prepare for the cold months by storing and preserving these last crops. It also offers a time for reflection on the past year and the balance between life and death.  

Upcoming Observances

• September 22, 2024
• September 22, 2025

Yom Kippur

Religion/Culture: Judaism

Known as the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur is observed on the 10th day of Tishri, the seventh month of the Jewish calendar. Considered one of the most important holidays of the Jewish faith, it's a day to reflect on the sins of the past year and ask forgiveness from God. Many Jews will fast, beginning at sunset on the eve of the holiday and ending after sunset on Yom Kippur (a full 24 hours). Since it's a complete Sabbath, they may also attend synagogue services and refrain from work and other activities. 

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed.

Upcoming Observances

• October 11, 2024
• October 2, 2025

Mid-Autumn Moon Festival (Chung-Ch'iu)

Religion/Culture: China

Falling on the 15th day of the eighth month of the Chinese lunar calendar, the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival corresponds with and celebrates the full moon. Beginning in the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE), Chinese emperors worshiped the bright mid-autumn moon in the hopes of securing a bountiful harvest the following year. Later, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, people presented the moon with offerings of food, including moon cakes, a dessert made with egg, nuts, and lotus seed paste.  

Today, the tradition of moon cakes continues, presented as gifts to one another, and the Chinese go outside to admire this full moon with family and friends.

Upcoming Observances

• September 17, 2024
• October 6, 2025

Sukkot

Religion/Culture: Judaism

Known as the Feast of Tabernacles or the Feast of Booths, Sukkot commemorates the years that Jews spent wandering the desert in search of the Promised Land. Sukkot refers to huts or booths, which is what the Jewish people built to protect themselves from the elements during this time. So as part of this observance, Jews will build a temporary hut in which to live during this holiday. The hut must comprise four types of plant material—an etrog (citrus fruit), a palm branch, a myrtle branch, and a willow branch—and have a hole in the roof through which to see the sky and reflect on God's protection. Sukkot begins on the 15th of the month of Tishri and ends a week later. 

Upcoming Observances

• October 16–23, 2024
• October 6–13, 2025

Eid Al-Adha

Religion/Culture: Islam

Also called the Greater Eid, Eid-al-Adha is the Festival of Sacrifice and marks the willingness of the prophet Ibrahim (Judaism and Christianity refer to him as Abraham) to sacrifice his son Isma'il (Isaac in the Torah and the Old Testament) to Allah. It's the second most important observance in Islam. At the last moment, Allah stopped the sacrifice and had Ibrahim kill a lamb instead.

On this day, Muslims will attend mosque and spend time with family. In observance of Ibrahim's act to god, Muslims will sacrifice a sheep or goat, and share the meat among relatives, friends, and the poor. They will also give money to the poor for food and clothes, specifically so that everyone, wealthy and indigent, can celebrate this important day.  

Upcoming Observances

• June 16–20, 2024

Navaratri/Saraswati Puja/Dussehra

Religion/Culture: Hindu

Known also as Durga Puja, Navaratri (nine nights) celebrates the three different manifestations of Shakti (cosmic energy)—Durga, Lakshmi, and Saraswati—and the motherhood of god. For nine days and nights, Durga, the mother goddess, battled against the demon Mahishasura, and she is seen as a symbol of power and the triumph of good over evil. The festival also marks a time of harvest and traditionally, women would plant nine different kinds of grain and offer the seedlings to the goddess. 

Celebrations vary in different locations. Some devotees of Durga will fast while others will celebrate the nine days with visits to family and friends, engaging in dancing, food, shopping, and other joyful activities. Navaratri is also a time for introspection and new beginnings.

Upcoming Observances

• October 3–12, 2024
• September 22–1, 2025

Birth of the Báb

Religion/Culture: Bahá'í

Born in 1819 in Shiraz, Iran, Báb ud-Din (Siyyid 'Ali-Muhammad) is the prophet of god in the Bahá'í faith, sent to reform Islam. As one of the 11 holy days on the Baha’i calendar, his birthday is celebrated with prayer, devotional readings, gatherings, and shared meals. Bahá'ís refrain from work on this day. 

Day of Observance: October 20 of every year

Shemini Alzeret/Simchat Torah

Religion/Culture: Judaism

After the seventh day of Sukkot, Jews spend an eighth day of assembly, Shemini Alzeret, in the hut or booth they created for Sukkot. The last reading of the Torah occurs on this day (the holiday is also called Simchat Torah, meaning rejoicing in the Torah), before the cycle begins again with the Book of Genesis.  

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed.

Upcoming Events

• October 23–25, 2024
• October 13–15, 2025

Al-Hijra (First Day of Muharram) New Year

Religion/Culture: Islam

Al-Hijra is the Islamic new year—the first day of the Islamic month of Muharram. It commemorates the Hijra, when the Prophet Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina and set up the first Islamic state in 622 CE (or 1 AH, "After Hijra"). As such, it's viewed as the beginning of Islam as a society. While it's not considered one of the major holidays in Islam, Muslims will reflect on the past year and look ahead to the future, similar to other new year's observances. 

Note: Islamic holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed and end at sunset of the last.

Upcoming Observances

• July 7-8, 2024
• June 26-27, 2025

Ashura (10th day of Muharram)

Religion/Culture: Islam

On the 10th day of Muharram, Shia Muslims especially celebrate the 60 AH (680 CE) martyrdom of Hussein, a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, at Karbala (present-day Iraq). Observances include fasting, donning black clothing, and chanting. Others look to it as a commemoration of the day Noah left the ark and the day that God saved Moses and the Israelites from the Egyptians. 

Note: Islamic holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed and end at sunset of the last.

Upcoming Observances

• July 16, 2024
• July 5, 2025

Samhain

Religion/Culture: Pagan/Wiccan/Celtic

While many refer to this day as Halloween, Wiccans and pagans mark it as the Feast of the Dead, or Samhain. Traditionally, pagan Celtics believed this was the time of year when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld blurred, allowing the spirits of the dead to commune among the living. Christianity incorporated this holiday into their religious observances, naming it All Saints' Day (originally All Hallows' Eve).

Neo-pagans see this day as a chance to show respect for those who have passed on as well as to honor death as a natural part of life. They celebrate with feasts, games (like bobbing for apples), bonfires, and animal costumes, and also take this time to officially welcome those born in the past year into their folds.  

Day of Observance: October 31 of every year

Reformation Day

Religion/Culture: Protestant

This day marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, when German monk Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517. He translated scriptures for the common man and believed that salvation could come from grace alone, rather than through the authority of the papacy and other governing bodies within the Catholic church. He was excommunicated for his actions and beliefs, but by nailing his theses to the door, he started what would later be known as Protestantism. Although October 31 is the official date, most Protestant churches celebrate Reformation Day on the last Sunday in October. 

Day of Observance: October 31 of every year

Day of the Dead (El Día de los Muertos)

Religion/Culture: Mexican cultural festival

El Día de los Muertos derives from a commingling of Catholicism's All Saints' Day and the Aztec festival Mictecacihuatl, the Lady of the Dead, and marks an occasion to celebrate of death. Traditionally, it was believed that the spirits of the dead came to visit the living during these few days.

To celebrate, families prepare altars with ofrendas, offerings of food (like pan de muertos), yellow and orange marigolds (cempazuchitl), and a picture of the loved one to whom they wish to pay their respects. Cities and towns host parades featuring skeletons and other death imagery, and vendors sell papel picado (decorative cut paper) and candied skulls called calaveras. Mexicans will also decorate the graves of their loved ones and spend time in cemeteries playing music, eating food, and embracing the inevitability of death. 

Days of Observance: October 31–November 2 every year 

Diwali

The five-day festival of lights is one of the most important Hindu holidays. Houses and public places display small clay oil lamps called diyas to honor Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and help her find her way inside. Hindus will also offer prayers to the goddess for prosperity. The holiday also celebrates the return of Rama and Sita to their kingdom after 14 years of exile. 

To prepare, Hindus will clean the home and cook up festive meals, and women (most often) will also create elaborate rangoli—ornate patterns made with flower petals or colored rice, flour, or sand—on the floor to welcome Lakshmi. Fireworks and the exchanging of gifts are also part of the celebration.  

Know someone celebrating Diwali? You might offer them a gift of candles or sweet dessert, or simply wish them prosperity and happiness.

Upcoming Observances

• October 31, 2024
• October 20, 2025

Birth of Bahá'u'lláh

Religion/Culture: Bahá'í

One of nine holy days in the Bahá’í religion, this day marks the birth of Bahá’í's founder, Bahá'u'lláh. Born to an affluent family in Persia in 1817, he declared himself the messiah as foretold by the Báb and effectively began the Bahá’í' faith.  

Baha’is refrain from work on this day and may gather together for prayer and readings from Bahá'u'lláh's writings. 

Day of Observance: November 12 of every year

St. Andrew's Day

Religion/Culture: Scottish

The patron saint of Scotland, St. Andrew was one of Jesus Christ's 12 apostles, crucified in Greece in 60 CE on November 30, by order of the Roman governor. Also considered Scotland's National Day, Scots use this day to celebrate Scottish culture with food like haggis, music, and traditional ceilidh dancing. 

Day of Observance: November 30 each year

Hanukkah

Religion/Culture: Judaism

Referred to as the Festival of Lights, Hanukkah (or Chanukkah) commemorates the victory of the Jewish people over the Syrian Greeks in 165 BCE. It ended a three-year period of religious persecution, but in the battle for Jewish independence, the temple of the Jews was destroyed. After restoring it, the Jews celebrated their victory by lighting a holy lamp (menorah) but only had enough consecrated oil to last one day. Miraculously, the lamp continued to burn for eight days.

Today, Hanukkah is celebrated by lighting a candle on each of the eight days of celebration. Family members exchange gifts and make traditional food. 

Note: Jewish holiday observances begin at sunset of the first date listed.

Upcoming Observances

• December 25, 2024–January 2, 2025
• December 14–22, 2024

Bodhi Day (Rohatsu)

Religion/Culture: Buddhist

December 8 marks the day when Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment under the bodhi tree, becoming the Buddha. Through this meditation, he was able to break the cycle of reincarnation and reach nirvana, thus gaining the truth of existence. For 2,500 years, this awakening has served as the basis for the Buddhist faith. The holiday calls on believers to reacknowledge their faith.

Day of Observance: December 8 of every year

Winter Solstice (Yule)

Religion/Culture: Wiccan/Pagan/Norse

The pagan celebration of Winter Solstice (also known as Yule) is one of the oldest winter celebrations in the world. Norsemen of Northern Europe worshipped the sun and saw it as a wheel that changed the seasons. It's from houl, the Germanic word for "wheel," that we get "Yule." Ancient Romans had their own solstice festival, decorating houses in greenery and lighting candles, while Celtic Druid priests would offer mistletoe (a symbol of life in winter) as a blessing. Their tradition of burning of a log to ward off the darkness is the origin of the Yule log.

Today, Yule festivals often involve decorating a spruce tree, burning a Yule log, or hanging mistletoe and holly branches and giving gifts. Christianity has incorporated most of these traditions into the Christmas holiday. 

Day of Observance: December 21 of every year

Christmas

Religion/Culture: Christianity

Celebrated as the birth of Jesus Christ, Christmas is observed across the globe. Traditions may vary, but they usually involves church services, joyous hymns, and the exchanging of gifts. 

Day of Observance: December 25 of every year

Kwanzaa

Religion/Culture: Interfaith/African American

Based on a variety of African traditions, Kwanzaa is a celebration of family, community, and cultural pride. The word Kwanzaa derives from Kiswahili Matunda Ya Kwanzaa—"the celebration of the first fruits"—and the seven-day time period in December coincides with the season of harvest in Africa. It was created in 1966 by Maulana Karenga as a way to promote African American heritage and combat the commercialism of the Christmas season. To celebrate, seven candles are lit to represent the principles of Kwanzaa (unity, self-determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity, and faith), gifts are exchanged, and a feast featuring traditional ingredients brings families to gather around the table.